The terahertz (THz) wave is an electromagnetic wave whose spectral range lies between microwave and infrared. Terahertz waves have a frequency range of about 100 GHz to 10 THz and wavelengths of 3 mm to 30 µm. They are known as far infrared or submillimeter waves. They also offer some advantages like low energy, non-invasive and high resolution and penetration. A key advantage of terahertz waves is that several materials block visible and IR spectra; however, these can appear transparent in the terahertz range.

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Similar to X-ray images, terahertz wavelengths can penetrate many non-conductive materials and easily reveal imperfections such as voids, cracks and density variations. Compared to X-rays or UV radiation, THz waves carry very low energies; they do not ionize and damage the material to be observed. Therefore, these waves are often used for non-invasive imaging and non-destructive quality control. Terahertz systems are used extensively for non-destructive testing applications including NDT on aircraft and fiber reinforced composites, thickness measurement of ceramic coatings, seam evaluation, void detection, inspection and repair of automotive piping and fuel tanks.

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The improvement in terahertz (THz) technology is rapidly increasing its demand in various applications such as THz radars, high-speed communications, medical imaging, environmental monitoring, and space exploration. High costs associated with the production and packaging techniques used for terahertz systems pose a significant challenge to the inexpensive and large production of these components in the manufacture of THZ systems. Current terahertz (THz) technology depends on …