Divya Goel, a 35-year-old deaf-blind woman in Orlando, Florida, has had two telemedicine doctors’ appointments during the pandemic. Each time, she was denied an interpreter.

Her doctors told her she would have to get insurance to pay for an interpreter, which is incorrect: Under federal law, it is the physician’s responsibility to provide one.

Goel’s mother stepped in to interpret instead. But her signing is limited, so Goel, who has only some vision, is not sure her mother fully conveyed what the doctors said. Goel worries about the medical ramifications — a wrong medicine or treatment — if something got lost in translation.

“It’s really, really hard to get real information, and so I feel very stuck in my situation,” she signed through an interpreter.

Telemedicine, teleworking, rapid tests, virtual school, and vaccine drive-thrus have become part of Americans’ routines as they enter Year 3 of life amid COVID-19. But as innovators have raced to make living in a pandemic world safer, some people with disabilities have been left behind.

Those with a physical disability may find the at-home COVID tests that allow reentry into society hard to perform. Those with limited vision may not be able to read the small print on the instructions, while blind people cannot see the results. The American Council of the Blind is engaged in litigation against the two dominant medical testing companies, Labcorp and Quest Diagnostics, over touch-screen check-in kiosks at their testing locations.

Sometimes the obstacles are basic logistics. “If you’re blind or low-vision and you live alone, you don’t have a car,” said Sheila Young, president of the Florida Council of the Blind, pointing to the long lines of cars at drive-thru testing and vaccination sites. “Who can afford an Uber or Lyft to sit in line for three hours?”

One in 4 adults in the US have some sort of disability, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Though barriers for the disabled have long existed, the pandemic brings life-or-death stakes to such long-running inequities.

“The only thing that I see is that folks with disabilities are cared for last and are dying first,” said Matthew Dietza founding member and the current litigation director of the Disability Independence Group in Florida.

People directly affected by accessibility barriers, especially those living in communal settings or the homebound, often don’t have the time, money, or energy to file legal complaints.

Federal, state, and local governments also violate disability status. A KHN investigation last year found that government vaccine registration websites were inaccessible to the blind. Spurred by that story, the Department of Justice reached an agreement with five New York local and state government agencies to correct such issues. The DOJ has since reached settlements with Rite Aid, Hy-Vee, Krogerand Meijer to ensure accessible registration for vaccination appointments.

Following an outcry from disability advocates, the CDC updated its list of those with increased risk of severe COVID to include people with disabilities. And in mid-February, the National Institutes of Health’s Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Tech program announced an effort to create accessible at-home COVID tests, while the Department of Health and Human Services called on manufacturers to assess at-home COVID tests’ operability for those with disabilities.

But as many doctor appointments have shifted online to keep patients safe amid COVID surges, the inaccessibility of telemedicine has become more of an issuesaid Howard A. Rosenblum, CEO of the National Association of the Deaf. The Americans with Disabilities Act and other disability statutes are being violated, he said, when healthcare providers do not provide telemedicine technology with captioning or the ability for interpreters to be in the same teleconference.

When Lise Hamlin needed to see her nurse practitioner in the 2020 depths of the pandemic, she was initially thrilled to set up a telemedicine appointment to avoid the risk of COVID exposure. Until she realized the virtual visit wouldn’t have captioning.

As a person with hearing loss, Hamlin lip-reads and uses captions to help understand video meetings. The resident of Germantown, Maryland, could barely follow along during the appointment. As director of public policy for the Hearing Loss Association of Americashe was enraged. But she was hesitant to do much about it.

“You’re in the middle of a pandemic, how much do you want to alienate your doctor?” she asked.

A small number of healthcare providers, such as UAB Medicine in Birmingham, Alabama, and MedStar Health in the Washington, DC, area, do offer interpretive services. Zoom also has a captioning option. But more than 35% of physicians have no idea what their legal responsibilities are to disabled patients under the ADA, according to a Health Affairs article published in January.

“There’s no ADA police,” Hamlin said. “All the burden is on the consumer.”

Goel’s doctors broke the law, but they are not being punished or penalized for it. And she doesn’t know whom she would talk to about suing.

Although the technology advancements in Goel’s lifetime — like the free interpretation service used to conduct this interview with her — have given her more independence and connection with others, the pandemic has stripped much of it away, she said. It has limited her ability to use Uber to travel places due to increased cost and pandemic risk, and isolated her at home with her parents.

“Instead of growing in independence, it just feels like I’ve gone backwards,” she said.

The accelerating shift toward at-home testing that used to be done in doctors’ offices is another growing problem for disabled Americans, said Bryan Bashin, CEO of the LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired in San Francisco.

Take colon cancer screening, he said. Many doctors now recommend patients do a fecal collection at home: Put a portion of one’s poop in a test tube, write the date on it, and send it to the lab.

“Let me tell you, I will never subject a friend of mine to help me with this,” said Bashin, who is blind. While he was eventually able to schedule a screening appointment with his doctor after talking to his insurance company, it delayed his care.

“Accessibility needs to be part of what we do as a government, as a society,” Bashin said. “The ADA says that you don’t just have accessibility when things are running normal.”

Michelle Hackman, a blind Wall Street Journal reporter in Washington, DC, tried to get her rapid COVID tests reimbursed via her Aetna healthcare flexible spending account. But Aetna insisted she print out and mail or fax the receipts, even after she called and explained how difficult that would be for her. It then asked her to have someone help her — something Hackman is all too used to hearing.

“That’s really the indignity,” she said, especially when she didn’t want to risk infecting anyone. Eventually, she talked a manager at Aetna into letting her forward her Amazon receipts.

“Imagine going through this for every single receipt I want to submit,” she said.

When asked about its response to Hackman’s situation, Aetna spokesperson Ethan Slavin said: “We’re committed to making all of our services accessible to our members and make appropriate accommodations for members with disabilities.” The company then reached back out to Hackman to process her forms.

Slavin also sent KHN a medical information release form for Hackman to fill out, which would have allowed the company to discuss her situation. But she would have had to print, write on, and rescan it — the problem she called them about at the start .

KHN reporters Victoria Knight and Hannah Recht contributed to this article.